Ride-hail use varies both by land use and demographics. In general, people are more likely to use ride hail services in dense, urban areas [1], [2]. Ride-hail users in the United States tend to own fewer cars, and are more likely to use public transit, than the average resident [2]. There are exceptions, notably Los Angeles, where ride hailing is popular in both urban and lower-density neighborhoods [3]. A separate study from California found that people in lower density suburban and rural areas who used ride hail services tended to earn higher incomes; in contrast, urban ride hail users tended to earn lower-incomes [4].

Given that ride-hail trips are more frequent in urban areas, it is unsurprising that places with high rates of ride-hail use also tend to have high rates of street parking occupancy [5]. Ride-hail has the potential to alleviate curb congestion if a sufficient threshold of car trips are replaced. Ride-hail users may select the service specifically to avoid cruising for parking where few curb spots are available, and thus free up a longer-term parking spot [5]. However, those freed up spots may quickly be taken up by drivers who would otherwise have parked elsewhere, parked at a different time, or not made the trip by private vehicle at all. Moreover, ride-hail drivers must compete for curb access when dropping off riders, and thus temporarily congest the curb. Additional research is needed to better understand the impacts of ride-hail on land use and curb congestion.