On-demand delivery services can lead to an increase in demand for curb space, leading to congestion and double parking which can pose safety risks to pedestrians and other curb users [1], [2]. Existing research primarily considers the impacts of ride-hail/transportation network companies (TNCs) on demand for curb space and associated safety impacts [2]. Common TNC traffic violations that impact safety include not yielding to pedestrians or obstructing public transit lanes and driveways, which can cause other drivers or travelers to move into less safe areas [2]. Study on the safety impacts unique to on-demand delivery service may not be needed.

From limited observations of robotic delivery services in the City of Pittsburgh, there were only 17 incidents involving vehicles or pedestrians reported throughout the program. However, the limited number of devices deployed makes it challenging to ensure their safety at larger scales [3].