The rollout of connected vehicles (CVs), connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology will likely create new infrastructure and maintenance costs for cities, particularly in the short term. A discussion of the potential impact of autonomous vehicle adoption on government finances for eight Canadian governments suggests an increase in expenses for conduits and signals needed for connected infrastructure systems [1]. Additionally, platooning behavior may increase vehicle density, increasing the mass of vehicles on bridges and requiring additional inspection and possible retrofit, or new design approaches to accommodate increased weight [2].

However, connected vehicles will also bring new revenue opportunities, such as a VMT fee based on vehicle class enabled by vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) data transmission [2].