Automated Vehicles (AVs) are vehicles equipped with technology that allows them to navigate and operate with varying degrees of human intervention. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) defines AVs through a classification system that ranges from Level 0 to Level 5, based on the level of automation and the role of the human driver [1].

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are found in Levels 1 and 2, and include features like adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assistance, and automated emergency braking. They enhance driving safety and convenience but still require human oversight. Automated Driving Systems (ADS) are found in Levels 3 through 5, and can manage all driving tasks under certain conditions, enabling the vehicle to operate without human input.

The Mobility Center of Excellence (COE) focuses on Highly Automated Vehicles (Levels 4 and 5) due to their potential for large-scale deployment and significant impact on transportation systems. These vehicles promise to transform mobility by improving safety, reducing congestion, and providing transportation solutions for those unable to drive, but may be subject to unintended consequences that have plagued previous advancements in transportation technologies.